Case Study for Renal Failure

Case Study for Renal Failure

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Introduction

Renal failure is a health condition where the kidney(s)

develop problems in that they can no longer function. There are two types of renal failure; acute kidney failure and chronic kidney failure. Severe dehydration is mostly associated with the acute form of renal failure since the body is overloaded with toxins.

          Some of the symptoms noted by the nurse are indicators of renal failure. It includes the low urine output; the patient’s dry skin and oral mucous membrane show that the patient had severe dehydration, which is a symptom of renal failure. The dark umber urine is also a sign of dehydration. The low blood pressure and heartbeat is also a sign that there is little blood circulation in the kidney. The inability to take fluids shows that body has more retained fluids a sign of kidney failure.

          The acute tubular necrosis is a medical condition that caused the death of epithelial cells forming the renal tubules of the kidney because of low blood pressure. The epithelial cells are usually seen in the urine.

          ATN has three phases that follow in a sequential manner. Initiation is the first stage that is described by a sudden decrease in the rate of glomerular filtration and increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum concentrations. The nurse should monitor a 24-hour urine volume to identify the clinical of the disease. The blood urea and creatinine concentrations should be observed to evaluate the balance between the alkali and acidity of urine.

          The second stage is the maintenance stage that has a consistent reduction in glomerular filtration rate persisting to about two weeks. Due to the decreasing filtration rate, the serum and blood urea levels continue to increase. The nurse should weigh the patient to ascertain an index of fluid balance as well as adjusting fluid intake to control dehydration. In addition, there should be frequent monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac functions to prevent cardiac arrest.

          The last stage is the recovery phase where the tubular function is reinstated. There is an increase in urine volume and consequently, decrease in serum and blood urea nitrogen levels due to increased filtration rates.  The nurse should encourage routine urinalysis, follow up examinations, and recommend gradual resumption of activities due to muscle weakness.

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          The nurse should enquire from the patient about the nature and the period of the present symptoms and signs.  In addition, intake of alcohol, exposure to a cold climate, extended travel or sufficient intake of fluids should be allowed for consideration. Past medical history for example neurological conditions is as well important.

  A physical examination should be carried out to ascertain the possible causes. For women, the nurse should assess the potential pregnancy, a scan of the pelvic bone, lower back, and abdomen for pains or abnormalities. Temperature levels should be taken too. For men, the nurse should examine any prostate problems history, genitals, lower back, and abdomen; examine the rectal locale to check for growths, enlargement or inflammation.

          The urinalysis results the nurse will expect for uncomplicated cystitis include blood specimens and bacteria in the urine, low estrogen and mucus level in the urine. Also, the urine color will be darker. UTI in pediatrics is a complex health issue and can result in a long medical problem hence needs extensive health care. It is highly associated with serious morbidity and fewer bacteria thus unproblematic to treat.

          In geriatric patients who are 65 yrs plus of age, the condition is complicated due to comorbidities.  There is high presence of bacteriuria as well as good urinary signs that confuse its diagnosis. The UTI, In general, is more problematical to treat in aged adults than in the younger populations.