To
order a Thesis or Dissertation in any Schizophrenia topic visit
http://academicresearchtutor.com
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects approximately
1.1% of the world population and approximately 0.3% of the American population.
The age of onset of schizophrenia is 16 years for men but is slightly higher
for women. There is relatively low treatment adherence to schizophrenia and
this increases the likelihood of relapse, hospitalization, and low quality of
life for the patients and their families. This disease has serious negative
side effects on the patients and their families. Families suffer from emotional
and psychological drain handling schizophrenia patients.
Background and significance
Medication
adherence may be defined as the extent to which the patient takes prescribed
medicine in a mode and manner that was agreed upon by the prescriber of the
medication. Medication non-adherence is a problem that is prevalent in health care
(Haddad, Brain & Scott, 2014). When the case of schizophrenia is
considered, it is seen that there are different factors that lead to
non-adherence to treatment. Some of the
factors of non-adherence include cultural beliefs about the nature of the
condition, the direct effects of schizophrenia (which include cognitive
impairment, depression and anxiety), social isolation, substance abuse, stigma
and the increased isolation of the health care system which has increased the
costs of medical care (Haddad, Brain & Scott).
Problem Statement
Antipsychotics
can be administered as an effective treatment of the symptoms of schizophrenia
(Kahn et al., 2008). However, there are many patients who have failed to follow
the treatment regimen. This failure has undermined the effectiveness of
medication. Rates of non-adherence to medication may be as high as 50% for
outpatients for the first year of hospitalization (Haddad, Brain & Scott,
2014).
Historical perspective of
schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
is a disease, which has affected the American society for quite some time.
Before psychoanalytic methods of treatment were developed in the early 20th
century, patients suffering from schizophrenia did not find any help or
treatment. Sigmund Freud is considered the first person for changing the way
schizophrenia patients were handled because he brought about psychoanalysis
(Zbick, 2009).
Societal perspective
The
social perspective of schizophrenia is that many patients receive rejection,
discrimination and bias right from their families. This is due to different
reasons. The first reason is that members of the society have not accepted the
perspective of schizophrenia patients.
Incidence and Prevalence
According to
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America (SAARDA) (2018),
schizophrenia affects approximately 1.1% of the global population irrespective
of economic, racial and ethnic backgrounds.
References
El-Mallakh, P., & Findlay, J. (2015). Strategies
to improve medication adherence in patients with schizophrenia: The role of
support services. Neuropsychiatric
Disease and Treatment, 11, 1077-1090.
Emsley, R., Chiliza, B., Asmal, L., & Harvey, B.
H. (2013). The nature of relapse in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 50-57. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-50
Haddad, P. M., Brain, C., & Scott, J. (2014).
Nonadherence with antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: Challenges and
management strategies. Patient Related
Outcome Measures, 5, 43–62. doi: 10.2147/PROM.S42735
Higashi, K., Medic, G., Littlewood, K.J., Diez, T.,
Granström, O., & De Hert, M. (2013). Medication adherence in schizophrenia:
Factors influencing adherence and consequences of nonadherence, a systematic
literature review. Therapeutic Advances
in Psychopharmacology, 3(4), 200-218. doi:
10.1177/2045125312474019
Ishii, M., Okumura, Y., Sugiyama, N., Hasegawa, H.,
Noda, T., et al. (2014). Efficacy of shared decision making on treatment
satisfaction for patients with first-admission schizophrenia: study protocol
for a randomised controlled trial. BMC
Psychiatry, 14(1), 111-118. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-111
Kahn, R.S., Fleischhacker, W.W., Boter, H.,
Davidson, M., & Vergouwe, Y. et al., (2008). Effectiveness of antipsychotic
drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: an open
randomised clinical trial. The Lancet,
371(9618), 1085-1097. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60486-9
MacDonald-Wilson, K. L., Deegan, P. E., Hutchison,
S. L., Parrotta, N., & Schuster, J. M. (2013). Integrating personal
medicine into service delivery: Empowering people in recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal,
36(4), 258–263. doi: 10.1037/prj0000027
Mahone, I. H., Maphis, C. F., & Snow, D. E.
(2016). Effective strategies for nurses empowering clients with schizophrenia:
Medication use as a tool in recovery. Issues
in Mental Health Nursing, 37(5), 372-379. doi:
10.3109/01612840.2016.1157228.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Schizophrenia. Retrieved from
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/schizophrenia.shtml
Olson, A. (2016 January 15). Societal roles and
schizophrenia. Psychology Today,
Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/theory-and-psychopathology/201601/societal-roles-and-schizophrenia
Ozkan, B., Erdem, E., Ozsoy, S.D., & Zararsis,
G. (2013). Effect of psychoeducation and telepsychiatric follow up given to the
caregiver of the schizophrenic patient on family burden, depression and
expression of emotion. Pakistan Journal
of Medical Sciences, 29(5), 1122-1127. doi: 10.5455/apd.35951
Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of
America (2018). About schizophrenia. Retrieved from
https://sardaa.org/resources/about-schizophrenia/
Schizophrenia.com. (2018). Schizophrenia facts and statistics. Retrieved from http://www.schizophrenia.com/szfacts.htm
Sin, J., Gillard, S., Spain, D., Cornelius, V.,
Chen, T., & Henderson, C. (2017). Effectiveness of psychoeducational
interventions for family carers of people with psychosis: A systematic review
and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology
Review, 56, 13-24. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.002
Whitehead, R. (2011 October 29). Schizophrenia: 100
years of bad treatment. The Guardian,
Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/29/100-years-schizophrenia-treatment
Zbick, J. (2009 October 17). Treatment for the
insane improved in the early 1900s. TN
Online, Retrieved from
https://www.tnonline.com/2009/oct/16/treatment-insane-improved-early-1900s
No comments:
Post a Comment